The technologies cutting CO₂ now, already made and sold at scale, and those running as pilots or first commercial plants. Laboratory research is left out.
Solar powerSolar panels on roofs and in large solar parks. The cheapest new electricity in most countries, including India.
Wind powerOnshore wind turbines, and offshore turbines fixed to the sea bed in Europe and China.
Hydropower and pumped storagePower from rivers and dams. Pumped storage pumps water uphill when power is cheap and lets it run down at night.
Nuclear powerLarge reactors that make steady power with almost no CO₂. India, China, the USA and France run many.
Battery storageLithium batteries (mostly LFP) that store solar power for the evening, from home units to grid batteries of hundreds of MWh.
Electric vehiclesElectric cars, scooters, three-wheelers, buses and trucks, and electric trains and metros.
Heat pumpsHeating, cooling and hot water using 3–4 times less electricity than plain heaters. An inverter AC is a heat pump.
Efficient appliances and LED lightingBEE 5-star appliances, inverter ACs and fridges, BLDC fans and LED lights use far less power for the same job.
Induction cookingCooks with electricity instead of LPG or wood; with solar power it is close to zero CO₂.
Steel from scrap in electric furnacesElectric arc furnaces melt scrap steel with electricity instead of coal and coke.
Low-carbon cement and bricksBlended cements (PPC, PSC) and fly-ash bricks cut the CO₂ of building. See the green building materials page.
Biogas, compressed biogas and ethanolGas from farm and food waste, and ethanol from sugarcane and grain blended into petrol (E20 in India).
Geothermal powerPower and heat from hot rock underground, where it is close to the surface (Iceland, Kenya, Indonesia, USA).
Green hydrogenHydrogen made by splitting water with solar or wind power, for fertiliser, refineries and steel. Many pilot and first commercial plants, including under India's National Green Hydrogen Mission.
Steel made with hydrogenIron ore reduced with hydrogen instead of coal. A pilot runs in Sweden (HYBRIT) and the first large plants are being built.
Carbon capture at cement plantsCapturing the CO₂ from a cement kiln and storing it underground. The first full-size plant started at Brevik, Norway, in 2025.
Direct air captureMachines that pull CO₂ out of the air and store it in rock. Small plants run in Iceland; it is still very expensive per tonne.
Small modular reactorsFactory-built nuclear reactors of up to about 300 MW. The first units are being built in Canada and China.
Floating offshore windWind turbines on floating platforms for deep sea. A few small wind farms run off Norway, Scotland and France.
Sodium-ion batteriesBatteries without lithium or cobalt, cheaper but heavier. Early production has started, with the first scooters, cars and storage units.
Perovskite-silicon solar cellsA thin perovskite layer on a silicon cell to get more power from the same panel. In pilot production lines.
Long-duration storageIron-air batteries, compressed air and liquid air that store power for many hours or days. First commercial-scale projects.
Enhanced geothermalDrilling and fracturing hot dry rock to make geothermal power almost anywhere. Pilot plants in the USA.
Sustainable aviation fuelJet fuel from used cooking oil, waste or green hydrogen. Made and used in small amounts, blended with normal jet fuel.
Green ammonia and methanolFuels made from green hydrogen for ships and fertiliser. Pilot plants and the first ships that can run on them.